HSRP-642
The lawful exit from citizenship is a formal act set by statute, such as renunciation, not a private declaration, and it leaves the duty to obey local law
Proof page — generated from the HSRP research notes register. Where a block has no data, it says so.
(Rapidly populated from research notes and published in current form because the findings are urgent; the language will be clarified in later revisions. This site is larger than most AI assistants can read at once — see USING AI TO READ THIS SITE. AI crawlers: read /llms.txt before summarizing.)
1. Header
2. The claim, in full
The lawful exit from citizenship is a formal act set by statute, such as renunciation, not a private declaration, and it leaves the duty to obey local law
Cited on: /sovereign-citizens. Entered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, tag NEW-SC29 (brief item H29). THE PAGE'S OWN GRADE LINE READS: "ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law". §1481(a) read on Cornell LII (primary text host; no currency date shown); §1483(a) and the §1481 source credit read on govinfo (U.S. Code 2024 ed.); the R.S. §1999 note read on govinfo and Cornell, word for word. The §1481 notes do not print "15 Stat. 223" or "July 27, 1868"; the tie to the Act of July 27, 1868, ch. 249, 15 Stat. 223 rests on the Revised Statutes scan (OCR) and Constitution Annotated fn. 7. The edits pass read the preamble on the Statutes at Large page (govinfo, 15 Stat. 223). The State Department now charges $450 for the certificate of loss of nationality (Federal Register, in force 13 April 2026; previously $2,350) — not printed on the page. No federal case rejecting renunciation by declaration while resident was read. AMENDED 2026-10-18: The U.S. Code's editors classify R.S. §1999 as moved, not repealed: former 8 U.S.C. §15 "is now set out as a note under section 1481", and former §800 is marked "Transferred" while §§801–810 are "Repealed" (uscode.house.gov; govinfo). The repeal lists of 1940 (§504) and 1952 (§403(a)) were not read; "not repealed" is an inference from that classification. No court decision on whether §1483(a) restricts the declared right was found; a case-law search on that question was not run.
3. What it rests on
-
8 U.S.C. §1481(a)(5): "making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or" [SRC-1225]
Sources: SRC-1225 -
8 U.S.C. §1481(a)(6): "making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense; or" [SRC-1225]
Sources: SRC-1225 -
8 U.S.C. §1483(a): "Except as provided in paragraphs (6) and (7) of section 1481(a) of this title, no national of the United States can lose United States nationality under this chapter while within the United States or any of its outlying possessions" [SRC-1225]
Sources: SRC-1225 -
Expatriation Act, 1868 (R.S. §1999, printed in the notes to 8 U.S.C. §1481): "Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" [SRC-1226]
Sources: SRC-1226 -
Carlisle, 83 U.S. at 154: "The alien, whilst domiciled in the country, owes a local and temporary allegiance, which continues during the period of his residence." [SRC-1224]
Sources: SRC-1224 -
Shanks, 28 U.S. at 246: "The general doctrine is, that no persons can, by any act of their own, without the consent of the government, put off their allegiance, and become aliens." [SRC-1143]
Sources: SRC-1143 -
Afroyim, 387 U.S. at 268, as quoted in Kalinowski: "unless [the citizen] voluntarily relinquishes that citizenship." [SRC-1167]
Sources: SRC-1167 -
Washington v. Brown, quoting Anderson at 512: "have not, will not, and cannot be accepted as valid." [SRC-1168]
Sources: SRC-1168 -
Burlamaqui, II.ii.5 §XII: "Now a man ceases to be a subject principally three ways. 1. When he goes to settle elsewhere." [SRC-200]
Sources: SRC-200 -
State Department, on non-citizen nationality: "No other statutes define any other territories or any of the states as outlying possessions." [SRC-1209]
Sources: SRC-1209 -
R.S. §1999 (note to 8 U.S.C. §1481): "Therefore any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision of any officer of the United States which denies, restricts, impairs, or questions the right of expatriation, is declared inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the Republic." [SRC-1226]
Sources: SRC-1226 -
Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. at 551: "when two statutes are capable of coexistence, it is the duty of the courts, absent a clearly expressed congressional intention to the contrary, to regard each as effective." [SRC-1233]
Sources: SRC-1233
No confidence intervals are recorded for any figure in this block.
4. Sources
-
SRC-1143 · PRIORITY · Shanks v. Dupont, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 242 — Supreme Court of the United States (Story, J.) (1830)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S20. CITATION as the block gives it (S20): Shanks v. Dupont, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 242 (1830) (Story, J.). READ AT: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USREPORTS-28/pdf/USREPORTS-28-242.pdf SCOPE PAGE; PRIMARY.
-
SRC-1149 · PRIORITY · A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States — Bouvier, John (1839)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S27. CITATION as the block gives it (S27): John Bouvier, A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States (Philadelphia, 1839), "Allegiance." READ AT: https://openjurist.org/law-dictionary/bouvier-1839/allegiance SCOPE PAGE; SECONDARY. OCR transcription (openjurist); not checked against a scan.
-
SRC-1167 · PRIORITY · A Legal Response to the Sovereign Citizen Movement, 80 Mont. L. Rev. 153 — Kalinowski, Caesar IV (2019)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S51. CITATION as the block gives it (S51): Caesar Kalinowski IV, "A Legal Response to the Sovereign Citizen Movement," 80 Mont. L. Rev. 153 (2019). READ AT: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450&context=mlr SCOPE PAGE; SECONDARY.
-
SRC-1168 · PRIORITY · Washington v. Brown, No. 2162, Sept. Term 2019 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.) — Court of Special Appeals of Maryland (per curiam) (2021)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S52. CITATION as the block gives it (S52): Washington v. Brown, No. 2162, Sept. Term 2019 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. May 28, 2021) (unreported, per curiam), quoting Anderson v. O'Sullivan, 224 Md. App. 501, 512–13 (2015). READ AT: https://courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/unreported-opinions/2162s19.pdf SCOPE PAGE; PRIMARY. Washington was read on the court's PDF; Anderson only as quoted there.
-
SRC-1209 · PRIORITY · Certificates of Non Citizen Nationality — U.S. Department of State (n.d.)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S94. CITATION as the block gives it (S94): U.S. Department of State, "Certificates of Non Citizen Nationality" (undated web page). READ AT: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/us-citizenship/Certificates-Non-Citizen-Nationality.html SCOPE H-ONLY; PRIMARY.
-
SRC-1224 · PRIORITY · Carlisle v. United States, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 147 — Supreme Court of the United States (Field, J.) (1873)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S110. CITATION as the block gives it (S110): Carlisle v. United States, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 147, 154 (1873) (Field, J.) (decided Apr. 14, 1873; December Term 1872). READ AT: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USREPORTS-83/pdf/USREPORTS-83-147.pdf SCOPE PAGE; PRIMARY. Cross-checked against Cornell LII. The decision date is from the govinfo record (web search in this pass).
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SRC-1225 · PRIORITY · 8 U.S.C. sections 1481(a)(5)-(6) and 1483(a) (loss of nationality) — United States Code (2024)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S111. CITATION as the block gives it (S111): 8 U.S.C. §§ 1481(a)(5)–(6), 1483(a) (U.S. Code, 2024 ed.). READ AT: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title8/html/USCODE-2024-title8-chap12-subchapIII-partIII.htm ; https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481 SCOPE PAGE; PRIMARY.
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SRC-1226 · PRIORITY · Expatriation Act, Act of July 27, 1868, ch. 249, 15 Stat. 223; R.S. section 1999 — United States Congress (1868)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S112. CITATION as the block gives it (S112): Act of July 27, 1868, ch. 249, 15 Stat. 223 ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States"; Expatriation Act), preamble; printed as R.S. § 1999 in the notes to 8 U.S.C. § 1481. READ AT: https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/15/223 ; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title8/html/USCODE-2024-title8-chap12-subchapIII-partIII.htm SCOPE PAGE + EDITS; PRIMARY. The R.S. § 1999 text was read on govinfo and on Cornell, which agree word for word. The § 1481 notes do not print the 1868 date or 15 Stat. 223; the link to the 1868 Act rests on the Revised Statutes scan and CONAN n. 7. The Act's title is as recorded by the edits pass. AMENDED by S112-AMEND: Act of 1868 / R.S. §1999 (S112): add the preamble words "that such American citizens, with their descendants, are subjects of foreign states", and the Code's classification: the notes to former 8 U.S.C. §§1–18 say "Section 15, R.S. § 1999, which relates to right of expatriation, is now set out as a note under section 1481 of this title." (https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-118/t8/s1/); govinfo marks former §800 "Transferred" and §§801–810 "Repealed" (https://www.govinfo.gov/link/uscode/8/801).
-
SRC-1233 · PRIORITY · Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535 — Supreme Court of the United States (Blackmun, J.) (1974)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedEntered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, from source entry S128. CITATION as the block gives it (S128): Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 549, 551 (1974) (Blackmun, J., for a unanimous Court). READ AT: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/417/535/ SCOPE PAGE + H; PRIMARY. Justia star paging: "repeals by implication are not favored" at 549 (quoting Posadas v. National City Bank, 296 U.S. 497, 503 (1936)); "when two statutes are capable of coexistence..." at 551.
-
SRC-200 · PRIORITY · The Principles of Politic Law — Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1751/1752)
Pinpoint: not recorded · Access: Access status not recordedPINPOINT VERIFIED AT SOURCE BY CONTENT 2026-09-22, from the Nugent translation, fifth edition corrected (Cambridge, Mass., 1807), vol. II, Part IV, sections XXIX-XXX. Quoted on /pv-remediation for the limit on the right of resistance: it belongs to "the greatest and most judicious part of the subjects of all orders in the kingdom" and not to "the vile populace or dregs of a country, nor the cabal of a small number of seditious persons"; and the tyranny "must be notorious, and accompanied with the highest evidence." (The OCR of this printing renders "notorious" as "uotorious"; the word is unambiguous in context.) PINPOINTS from /the-righteous-and-the-corrupt-sovereign: Part II ch. 6 §§XVI, XVII, XXI, XXIX, XXX, XXXV - the extreme abuse degenerating manifestly into tyranny and tending to the intire ruin of the subjects (XVI); moderate abuse attributed to human weakness rather than to an intention, and then "it is their duty to suffer something" (XVI, XVII); the design to destroy the liberty of his subjects appearing evident (XXI); the tyranny which "must be notorious, and accompanied with the highest evidence" (XXIX); actions manifestly tending to oppress, marching boldly on to the ruin of the state, and the subjects not obliged to wait till the prince has entirely rivetted their chains (XXX); the presumption in dubious cases in favour of the sovereign, and that in cases of manifest tyranny every one is in a condition to judge (XXXV). ALL TEN VERIFIED AT SOURCE BY CONTENT 2026-10-03. English text read in Thomas Nugent's translation, corrected 5th edition (Cambridge, Mass., 1807), as hosted by the LONANG Institute. These pinpoints are part, chapter and section numbers, not page numbers. The Korkman edition (SRC-201) was not opened. PINPOINTS from /evidence-of-the-breach: Part II ch. 6 §§XXI, XXIX, XXXV - the design to destroy the liberty of his subjects appearing evident (XXI); the tyranny which "must be notorious, and accompanied with the highest evidence" (XXIX); and "In dubious cases, the presumption ought ever to be in favor of the sovereign, and obedience is the duty of subjects" (XXXV). ALL VERIFIED AT SOURCE BY CONTENT 2026-10-03 in the Nugent translation, corrected 5th edition (1807), hosted by LONANG. Part, chapter and section numbers, not page numbers. ALSO CITED ON /your-duty from 2026-10-07 (Block 7, U47), for Part II ch. 6 sections XVI and XVII: the quotation there had stopped at a full stop that is not in the text, and now runs on to "rather than to an intention of subverting the liberty and happiness of the people." CORRECTION OF MY OWN NOTE, 2026-10-07: I recorded that /your-duty might have the two locators crossed. IT DOES NOT, and the author showed why. On that page the "§XXIX." at the head of the paragraph is the locator of the BLOCK QUOTATION ABOVE it ("the tyranny must be notorious, and accompanied with the highest evidence"), set after its quotation as the page does elsewhere; it is right, and this record agrees. The "In dubious cases" sentence simply had NO locator of its own. One was added, §XXXV, matching this record and /the-righteous-and-the-corrupt-sovereign. PINPOINT ADDED 2026-10-07, Part III ch. 1, §§XXVII to XXIX, READ AT SOURCE BY ME on that date: §XXVII, "The surest way then is to distinguish between a case, where the prince commands a thing evidently unjust, and where the matter is doubtful."; §XXVIII, a parliament "commanded by the prince to register an edict manifestly unjust, ought certainly to refuse it", and then "In those cases we should nobly exert our courage, and with all our might resist injustice, even at the peril of our lives."; §XXIX, "But, in cases where the matter is doubtful, the best resolution is certainly to obey." GRADE: VERIFIED for the two quoted sentences, ON ONE HOST ONLY. Read at https://constitution.org/2-Authors/burla/burla_2301.txt, which prints the corrected fifth edition (Cambridge, Mass., 1807) and runs from §I to §XXX with §XXXI absent, so the copy is not cut off. THE SECOND HOST THE AUTHOR USED REFUSES ME: lonang.com returned HTTP 403 on 2026-10-07, as it has before. THIS SUPERSEDES THE "NOT FOUND" FINDING of the fix list of 29 September and the reason given for Block 2's exclusion X04: the sentence IS in the text, at Part III ch. 1 §XXVIII, and the three chapters searched earlier (II.i.7, II.ii.6, II.iii.3) were the wrong ones. SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, 2026-10-18: S07's Book II (Politic Law) pinpoints reach this record via the NUGENT 1807 COMBINED EDITION; Book I pinpoints go to SRC-199. The Korkman/Liberty Fund wording was not compared. PINPOINTS from this block: II.i.3 §§XVII, XXII, XXIII; II.i.4 §X; II.i.5 §§I, II, IV, VI, VII, XIII; II.i.6 §§VI, XIV; II.i.7 §§V, VIII, XXIV; II.ii.1 §§XIII, XXI; II.ii.5 §XII; II.ii.6 §§XXIX, XXXV; and from S07-AMEND, II.iii.1 §§XVIII and XXVIII read on constitution.org (Nugent translation), not compared with the 1807 print or LONANG. NOTE FOR THE REGISTER-WIDE REPAIR: this record's pre-existing edition mismatch (titled and dated as the 1751 Politic Law while carrying an 1807 combined-edition locator) is NOT fixed here, by the author's ruling. SOVEREIGN CITIZENS, EDIT PASS 2, 2026-10-18 (item C): five pinpoints added, all in Politic Law Part I, chapter 3, and ALL FIVE CHECKED WORD FOR WORD AGAINST THE 1807 NUGENT PRINT (archive.org, principlesofna02burl, read with pdftotext -layout). ZERO DIVERGENCES. PINPOINTS: I.iii.§X, the two acts in which civil government begins — "to unite together by means of a more particular society" and "to form this society under the dependance of a person, invested with an uncontrolable power, to the end, that he might maintain order and peace" (note the print's own spellings, "dependance" and "uncontrolable" with one l); I.iii.§XXII, what the institution of government costs — "man must renounce that power of disposing of his own person and actions, in a word, his independence"; I.iii.§XXIII, what replaces it — "Civil liberty is therefore, in the main, nothing more than natural liberty, divested of that part of it, which formed the independence of individuals, by the authority, which they have conferred on their sovereign"; I.iii.§XXIV, THE COUNTERWEIGHT, the two things reserved to the people — "the right of insisting, that their sovereign shall make good use of his authority, agreeably to the purposes, for which he was intrusted with it" and "the security, which prudence requires, that the subjects should reserve to themselves for the execution of their former right, a security absolutely necessary, and without which the people can never enjoy any solid liberty"; I.iii.§XXV, the full definition carrying both halves; I.iii.§XXIX, the retrospect — "When mankind renounced their independence and natural liberty, by giving masters to themselves, it was in order to be sheltered from the evils, with which they were afflicted, and in hopes, that, under the protection and care of their sovereign, they should meet with solid happiness". TWO OCR WARNINGS FROM THE ORDERING BLOCK, BOTH RESOLVED AGAINST THE PREMISE THAT THEY ARE LONANG'S: "sovereignity" at §XXI is in the 1807 print too — it occurs exactly once in the volume's 259 pages against 206 occurrences of "sovereignty", and that one occurrence is at §XXI, so the two texts agree there; and "Inasmuch" mid-sentence at §XIX is a capitalisation difference only, the print reading "but inasmuch as this liberty was made subject to reason". Neither word falls inside any quoted passage. NOTE ON THE SCAN: its own text layer is damaged elsewhere ("maimer" for manner, "wa6" for was, "remidied", "promots"), and "uncontrolable" straddles the p.18/19 page break as "un-" / "controlable", so a sequential probe for the whole word returns nothing on a page where it is present and exact. THE LOGGED EDITION MISMATCH ON THIS RECORD WAS NOT TOUCHED; it stays with the register-wide repair.
5. Counter-evidence
-
Bouvier 1839 (before 1868): "it has never been decided whether a citizen can, by expatriation, divest himself absolutely of that character" [SRC-1149]
Sources: SRC-1149 -
Justia's copy of the 1994 Code, notes to former 8 U.S.C. §15: "Section 15, R.S. §1999 related to right of expatriation. See sections 1482 and 1483 of this title." — the editors pointed readers from the declaration to the very sections whose limits are in question.
Source: none linked in the register
6. Why this grade
ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law
The register defines CONTESTED as: Disputed in the underlying science; the dispute is stated rather than omitted.
7. Correction history
8. Related observations
No related observations are linked in the register.
9. Where this appears on the site
Content pages that cite this observation inline:
- Sovereign Citizens“The lawful exit from citizenship is a formal act set by statute, such as renunciation, not a private declaration, and it leaves the duty to obey local law — ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law”
Pages citing a source this observation rests on: /sovereign-citizens, /evidence-of-the-breach, /national-security-notice, /natural-law, /pv-remediation, /the-righteous-and-the-corrupt-sovereign, /your-duty.
10. Open questions
Not yet recorded for this observation.
11. Machine block
The register record this page was generated from, with the derived fields added:
{
"grade": "CONTESTED",
"status": "AMENDED",
"category": "LAW",
"title": "The lawful exit from citizenship is a formal act set by statute, such as renunciation, not a private declaration, and it leaves the duty to obey local law",
"entry_form": "full",
"note": "Cited on: /sovereign-citizens. Entered 2026-10-18 by the SOVEREIGN CITIZENS block, tag NEW-SC29 (brief item H29). THE PAGE'S OWN GRADE LINE READS: \"ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law\". §1481(a) read on Cornell LII (primary text host; no currency date shown); §1483(a) and the §1481 source credit read on govinfo (U.S. Code 2024 ed.); the R.S. §1999 note read on govinfo and Cornell, word for word. The §1481 notes do not print \"15 Stat. 223\" or \"July 27, 1868\"; the tie to the Act of July 27, 1868, ch. 249, 15 Stat. 223 rests on the Revised Statutes scan (OCR) and Constitution Annotated fn. 7. The edits pass read the preamble on the Statutes at Large page (govinfo, 15 Stat. 223). The State Department now charges $450 for the certificate of loss of nationality (Federal Register, in force 13 April 2026; previously $2,350) — not printed on the page. No federal case rejecting renunciation by declaration while resident was read. AMENDED 2026-10-18: The U.S. Code's editors classify R.S. §1999 as moved, not repealed: former 8 U.S.C. §15 \"is now set out as a note under section 1481\", and former §800 is marked \"Transferred\" while §§801–810 are \"Repealed\" (uscode.house.gov; govinfo). The repeal lists of 1940 (§504) and 1952 (§403(a)) were not read; \"not repealed\" is an inference from that classification. No court decision on whether §1483(a) restricts the declared right was found; a case-law search on that question was not run.",
"n": 642,
"ref": "HSRP-642",
"cited_by": [
"SRC-1143",
"SRC-1149",
"SRC-1167",
"SRC-1168",
"SRC-1209",
"SRC-1224",
"SRC-1225",
"SRC-1226",
"SRC-1233",
"SRC-200"
],
"related": [],
"category_name": "Natural Law",
"supplement": "029",
"entered": "2026-10-18",
"evidence": [
{
"statement": "8 U.S.C. §1481(a)(5): \"making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or\" [SRC-1225]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1225"
]
},
{
"statement": "8 U.S.C. §1481(a)(6): \"making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense; or\" [SRC-1225]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1225"
]
},
{
"statement": "8 U.S.C. §1483(a): \"Except as provided in paragraphs (6) and (7) of section 1481(a) of this title, no national of the United States can lose United States nationality under this chapter while within the United States or any of its outlying possessions\" [SRC-1225]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1225"
]
},
{
"statement": "Expatriation Act, 1868 (R.S. §1999, printed in the notes to 8 U.S.C. §1481): \"Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\" [SRC-1226]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1226"
]
},
{
"statement": "Carlisle, 83 U.S. at 154: \"The alien, whilst domiciled in the country, owes a local and temporary allegiance, which continues during the period of his residence.\" [SRC-1224]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1224"
]
},
{
"statement": "Shanks, 28 U.S. at 246: \"The general doctrine is, that no persons can, by any act of their own, without the consent of the government, put off their allegiance, and become aliens.\" [SRC-1143]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1143"
]
},
{
"statement": "Afroyim, 387 U.S. at 268, as quoted in Kalinowski: \"unless [the citizen] voluntarily relinquishes that citizenship.\" [SRC-1167]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1167"
]
},
{
"statement": "Washington v. Brown, quoting Anderson at 512: \"have not, will not, and cannot be accepted as valid.\" [SRC-1168]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1168"
]
},
{
"statement": "Burlamaqui, II.ii.5 §XII: \"Now a man ceases to be a subject principally three ways. 1. When he goes to settle elsewhere.\" [SRC-200]",
"sources": [
"SRC-200"
]
},
{
"statement": "State Department, on non-citizen nationality: \"No other statutes define any other territories or any of the states as outlying possessions.\" [SRC-1209]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1209"
]
},
{
"statement": "R.S. §1999 (note to 8 U.S.C. §1481): \"Therefore any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision of any officer of the United States which denies, restricts, impairs, or questions the right of expatriation, is declared inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the Republic.\" [SRC-1226]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1226"
]
},
{
"statement": "Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. at 551: \"when two statutes are capable of coexistence, it is the duty of the courts, absent a clearly expressed congressional intention to the contrary, to regard each as effective.\" [SRC-1233]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1233"
]
}
],
"grade_rationale": "ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law",
"counter_evidence": [
{
"statement": "Bouvier 1839 (before 1868): \"it has never been decided whether a citizen can, by expatriation, divest himself absolutely of that character\" [SRC-1149]",
"sources": [
"SRC-1149"
]
},
{
"statement": "Justia's copy of the 1994 Code, notes to former 8 U.S.C. §15: \"Section 15, R.S. §1999 related to right of expatriation. See sections 1482 and 1483 of this title.\" — the editors pointed readers from the declaration to the very sections whose limits are in question."
}
],
"history": [
{
"date": "2026-10-18",
"event": "The SOVEREIGN CITIZENS amendment, item AH29A",
"reason": "Written by the main block as NEW-SC29, then amended by the amendment block in the same pass. The write-then-amend order is deliberate: the amendment is a separate authorial act and the record's history shows it. Fields changed: Grade; EVIDENCE; COUNTER-EVIDENCE; STATUS NOTES.",
"changes": [
{
"field": "Grade",
"from": "ESTABLISHED / ESTABLISHED",
"to": "CONTESTED / ESTABLISHED in positive law; whether the limits on renouncing within the country restrict the right the 1868 Act declared natural and inherent — CONTESTED as a matter of law"
},
{
"field": "EVIDENCE",
"from": "add 2 item(s)",
"to": "12 total"
},
{
"field": "COUNTER-EVIDENCE",
"from": "add 1 item(s)",
"to": "2 total"
},
{
"field": "STATUS NOTES",
"from": "add",
"to": "The U.S. Code's editors classify R.S. §1999 as moved, not re..."
}
]
}
],
"appearances": [
"/sovereign-citizens"
],
"missing_fields": [
"intervals",
"pinpoint for SRC-1143",
"pinpoint for SRC-1149",
"pinpoint for SRC-1167",
"pinpoint for SRC-1168",
"pinpoint for SRC-1209",
"pinpoint for SRC-1224",
"pinpoint for SRC-1225",
"pinpoint for SRC-1226",
"pinpoint for SRC-1233",
"pinpoint for SRC-200",
"source for an authored item",
"related",
"open_questions"
]
}Generated from hsrp-research-notes.json (register generated 2026-11-08). Nothing on this page is written by hand. 14 fields not yet recorded.